Microtonal Musical Robot

<Bug>

a robotic and moving Bb flugelhorn

dr.Godfried-Willem RAES

2016-2020

Robot: <Bug>

When starting the design and construction of this musical robot, we could build further on the experiences gained through the realization of five automated brass instruments build since 1999: <So>, a sousaphone, <Korn>, a cornet, <Heli>, a helicon, <Bono>, a valve trombone and <Horny>, a French horn. This new robot, an automated flugelhorn, was designed and constructed to the order of LOD, for a theater production 'Helden' with Josse De Pauw. Musically speaking the cornet, the trumpet and the flugelhorn are very similar instruments, differing only in the timbre they produce. The flugelhorn is said to sound more mellow than the trumpet, the cornet finding a place in between. The ambitus, for Bb instruments, is the same. The name given to this robot was derived from the Dutch naming of this instrument 'bugel', although the word bugle is also common in English, referring to a valveless instrument however. The term valve bugle is often used in English and refers to exactly the same instrument, the flugelhorn. Organologically speaking it's a saxhorn, its invention going back to the first half of the 19th century. The bore is much more conical as compared to the trumpet. Here is a picture of the instrument:

Thus it made sense to start the design of this robot by examining the <Korn> robot and improving over it where ever possible. Main improvements we envisaged were the sound volume, the attack characteristics and the speed of response. For the <Bug> design, we did not start with a mechanical design for an artificial embouchure with mouth, lips and mouthpiece coupled to and in acoustic interaction with the tubing of the instrument, as we did in <So> and the first version of <Bono>, but rather used a membrane compressor directly coupled to the flugelhorn via a capillary comprised in the original mouthpiece.The motor driver causes resonance in the flugelhorn tubing, but in this case there is no unidirectional windflow through the instrument. When a note is requested from the bugle, the firmware will calculate the optimum valve combination -including non orthodox fingerings- for the requested pitch. Thus a resonant standing wave in the instrument can be produced. Microtonal pitches are implemented such that the instrument is capable of performing quartertone music, as well as a wide range of different tunings and temperaments with great perfection. The relatively low Q-factor of the horn (compared to strings...) as an acoustic resonator renders this very well possible. The signal generated in the motor was shaped after a physical model of the air pressure waveform in the mouth cavity of a player. (Beauchamp, 1975,1980). Since there is no loop coupling from the resonator to the generator, the sound generation mechanism is a hybrid somewhere between synthetic/electronic and natural/acoustic. The advantage being that the reliability of the robot becomes very high, but this is obtained a bit at the detriment of realism, in particular with regard to the onset of the sounds, A dynamic formant filter was added using an electronic circuitry, in this case a pair of germanium diodes in series with a resonant LC circuit Thus the sound color will be to a certain extend a nonlinear function of loudness, conform to acoustic reality.

The valves are used in this instrument to tune the fundamental frequency of the instrument. The valves can be controlled independently from the mouth driver frequency. They are mechanically driven by unipolar pull solenoids (Emessem types) and use the return spring provided in the pistons. The notes that are normally produced using different valve combination, following theory are: Note that this is untransposed, so in reality everything will sound a full tone lower on a Bb instrument. However, we found out that using the valve combinations entailed by this system, does not lead to optimum resonance in the instrument. Thus we used the optimal valve combinations based on empirical acoustic measurement. A deficiency we encountered in our <Korn> robot was that the buildup of a sound pressure wave in the instrument was anticipating the valve movement. The valves take about 10 ms to take position, thus here we delayed the driver signal with the same amount in all cases where changes of fingering are involved. This introduces some latency but makes the sound quite a bit more realistic, in particular for the attack portion of the envelope.

High brass instruments in their normal human and musical biotopes tend to move quite a bit in space. The highly directional characteristic of these instruments make this also an expressive valuable parameter. Thus we tried to implement movement in two degrees of freedom in this robot: the flugelhorn can be tilted in the vertical plane over an angle of about 90 degrees and in the horizontal plane, it can rotate over nearly 320 degrees. This conforms pretty well to what human players do in terms of movement on stage. The movements cannot be very fast however, at least not much faster than what a real flugelhorn player could do whilst playing. Horizontal movement is faster than the vertical movement, the forces involved in horizontal movement being much smaller than in the case of vertical movement. However, the intention never was to render Doppler effects possible... Note that on a cold boot, the robot will always perform a calibration of its movement. During this calibration phase the red light on the hub board (the board with the MIDI connectors) will be on and the robot will not be listening to any midi commands sent to it. Before switching the power on, make sure the robot is in a more or less central position, both vertically (pointing straight forward) and central horizontally. As long as power is switched off, the positions can be adjusted manually. Never ever do this when the power in switched on, as this will confuse the firmware and cause forcing on the motors excerting braking force against movement.

The electronic circuitry -in overview- consists of four PC-boards:

Overview:

1. Midi-hub board: This board, using a Microchip 18F2525 controller, takes care of the Midi I/O handling and communication as well as the control of all movements: horizontal stepping motor with two end sensors (Pepperl+Fuchs) , and vertical stepper motor with tilt sensor (Penny & Giles). Circuit details, including the PCB design, can be found at the very end of this webpage.

2. Vertical stepping motor driver board using a Nanotec SMC42 compact microstep constant current driver. The noisy fan was removed as well as the DIN-rail mount. The motor is a Nanotec ST5709L-1108-B. The operating current is set to 2 A.

This motor is designed for 200 steps for a complete rotation in full step mode. In this robot, the motor is driven in microstepping mode at 8 clocks for a single step. For the vertical position control we used a Penny+Giles analog tilt sensor connected to the an0 analog input of the PIC microprocessor.

3. Horizontal movement motor: MAE HY200 type . The motor controller here is a Geckodrive G203V.

3. Pulse & Hold board: This board steers the three solenoids for the pistons. The light bulbs and LED's mapped on the midi notes 120 to 127 are also controlled by this microprocessor board. The board is mounted on the upper part, below the membrane compressor. The circuit for the pulse/hold circuit applied for the valves is:

4. Sound generator board: This board steers the 75 Watt motor compressor horn driver via an audio amplifier module. A 16-bit processor is used to generate the required waveform and two analog multipliers are used for envelope shaping and amplitude modulation. Thus we could maintain audio resolution even at the lowest soundlevels. Handling this in the full digital domain would have required a 32-bit processor. The analog dynamic formant filter also found a place on this board.

All these components are on the upperside of the bottom plate.

Power supply voltages and currents:

 

Midi Mapping and implementation:

Midi channel: 12 (fixed in the firmware)
Midi note range: 52 to 94. (Optimum sound in the range 66-89) Note on, velocity is implemented and steers the level of the sustain phase in the adsr.

Note Off commands are required, but can be dropped for pure legato playing. Note off with release is implemented and can steer the release phase of the envelope. Note Off commands for notes that were not sounding are disregarded.

Controllers:

Controller 1: Noisiness of the sound [default = 20]

Controller 3: FM modulation depth (vibrato depth). Large values can cause audible artifacts, due to the modulation of the sampling frequency.

Controller 4: FM modulation speed. (vibrato speed)

Controller 5: AM modulation depth (tremolo depth)

Controller 6: AM modulation speed (tremolo speed)

Controller 7: used as a general volume controller. Note that timbre will change as the volume is changed. On high settings, the formant frequency becomes more dominant. [default = 100]

Controller 10: (Panning) Horizontal movement controller. Value 64: center, 127->0= move left (CCW), 0->127=move right(CW). The firmware will recalibrate on each of the extreme positions (0 or 127). The full semicircle takes about 1 second in time., depending of course on the setting for controller #31 (motor speed). The firmware assumes that after a cold start, the flugelhorn is in a more or less central position. It will recalibrate whenever an end position is encountered.

Controller 11: Tilt or inclination controller. Value 64 = Horizontal, values < 64 = downwards, >64 upwards. After reset and on cold boot, it will default to 64.

Controller 13: allows changes of valve fingering during sounding notes. Bit 0 corresponds to the 1/2 tone valve, bit 1 to the 1 tone valves, and bit 2 to the 3 semitone valve. Using this controller it is also possible to change the fingering for a sounding note whilst it is sounding, thus rendering some sound coloration possible without changing the actual pitch.

The table below gives all details:

Ctrl 13 Value -1/2t (valve 2) -1t (valve 1) -1 1/2t (valve 3)
0 off off off
1 on off off
2 off on off
3 on on off
4 off off on
5 on off on
6 off on on
7 on on on


Controller 15: ADSR-period [default 40]
Controller 16: used to control the duration of the attack phase in the ADSR cycle. [default 16]
Controller 17: set the level of the attack of the sound defined as the extra boost above the sustain level set with the velo byte.[default 127]
Controller 18 is used to control the duration of the decay after the attack, the time required to reach the sustain level of the sound. [default 18]
Controller 19 steers the duration of the release decay (from sustain level to zero) starting after reception of a note off command. Release will we canceled or interrupted with a new note on command if such a command comes within this time. [default 64]

The interdependencies of these controllers together with the velo byte is shown in the graph below:

Controller 20: Tuning. To be implemented.

Controller 20 - tuning for the flugelhorn. By default equal temperament and A = 440 Hz for value 64. Acceptable values for this controller are limited to:


Controller 25: valve movement force controller. With value 18, the movement is smooth and a bit sluggish, whereas with 127 it may get noisy but very fast. With values below 18, valve movement may become a bit unpredictable since the movement will depend on wear, temperature, return spring force variations and greasing of the pistons. After a cold start, this controller will be in a default 64 position.

Controller 26: This controller steers the time the valves stay in their position after reception of a note-off command. This implements some resonance in the instrument after the excitation from the mouthpiece has stopped. It also avoids unnecessary mechanical noise from the valves, in particular on repeated notes or notes that can be produced with the same valve combination.

Controller 31: Motor speed for the horizontal motor (left-right movements). The speed can be varied between a fixed minimum value and a (safe) and fixed maximum value. Value 0 sets the horizontal motor to move at the slowest speed.[default 80]

Controller 32: Horizontal motor acceleration/deceleration time. On cold boot this controller is always set to 100. Larger values lead to a longer acceleration time on horizontal motor movement starts as well as to longer slowdown times at approaching the destination. Acceleration and deceleration are always symmetric. As a consequence, small movements will be performed slower than longer trajects. The larger the value for this controller, the smoother the movements will be performed.

Controller 33: Vertical motor speed. (Up-down movement). At high speed settings, oscillations can occur.

Controller 66: Power on/off switch (0 = off, any other value is on). Power off also resets all controllers to their default startup values. Also resets the program change to the default startup setting.

Controller 69: Enable or disable automation of the left and right eye lights on the bugle. Default value : > 0, ON. To switch this off, send controller 69 with value = 0.

Controller 80: Dynamic range mapping. The default is 64, resulting in a 40dB dynamic range.

value mapping
0-30 20dB
31-62 30dB
63-94 40dB
95-126 50dB
127 60dB
Note that increasing the value of controller 80 and thus the dynamic range does not make the sound volume at its maximum any higher! The dB mapping steers the dynamic range, starting from the absolute maximum. So, if set to 64, corresponding to 40dB, the loudest and the softest volume levels will relate to each other as 100. Or, dynamic value 1 will be at -40dB compared to the maximum value 127. Here the maximum value is defined as 0dB.

Controllers 100, 101, 102, 103: parameters for waveshape. Program change must have been set to Parametric1 in order for this to work. It is mandatory that Ctrl100 < Ctrl101 < Ctrl102 < Ctrl103. After reception of controller 103, the wave table will be recalculated. Following graph describes the waveform and its parameters:

Controller 104: parameter for setting the symmetry when Program Change has been set to Smoothsquare prior to setting the controller value. Value 64 makes a symmetric square. Valid values are between 1 and 126.

Controllers 105 and 106: parameters for the minimum and maximum points of a triangle wave. Program Change must have been set to sawtooth prior to sending these controller values. The parameters will be clear from following waveform graph: The wave tables will be recalculated after reception of the second parameter.

Controller 107: parameter for the pulsewidth: range 2 - 126. The graph illustrates the parameter:

Controller 108: parameter for setting the symmetry when Program Change has been set to Assin prior to setting the controller value. Value 64 makes a symmetric sinewave. Valid values are between 1 and 126. The graph illustrates the parameter:

Controller 109: parameter for setting the symmetry when program change has been set to DirtAssin prior to setting the values of the two controllers.

Controller 110: parameter to set the level of noisiness in the waveform. The wave table for the DirtAssin program will only be recalculated after reception of this controller.

Controller 123: switches the sounding note off, unpowers the steppers, dims all the lights.

Program change: implemented to change the wavetable in use for the sound excitation. Following waves are implemented, using the lowest 4 bits of the value.:

Values > 15 (using the 3 highest bits) are used to change the lookup tables in use for the valve combinations. So far following programs are implemented:

Program change commands take some time as the microcontroller recalculates them on the fly. Therefore they should not be issued whilst the robot is playing notes as audible glitches in the sound may occur.

Lights: The lights are mapped on very high midi-notes as follows:

Pitch bend: The <Bug> robot can be used in any tuning system. In the drawing below we give the coding example for a quartertone scale:

Most good sequencer software (such as Cakewalk or Sonar) uses the signed 14 bit format. Note that one unit of the msb corresponds exactly to a 0.78 cent interval. To convert fractional midi to the msb only pitchbend to apply follow following procedure: if the fractional part is <= 0.5 then msb= 63 + (FRAC(note) * 128), if the fractional part is larger than 0.5, we should switch on the note + 1 and lower the pitch with msb= (1-FRAC(note)) * 128. Note off does reset the pitch bend for the playing note! The resolution implemented on <Bug> for pitch bend (and vibrato) is limited to 1/10th of a semitone.

 

Technical specifications:

Design, research and construction: dr.Godfried-Willem Raes (2016-2020)

Collaborators on the construction of this robot:

Music composed for <Bug>:

 

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Last update: 2023-10-07 by Godfried-Willem Raes

The following information is not intended for the general public, but is essential for maintenance and servicing of the robot.

Technical drawings, specs and data sheets:

Proximity sensors: Pepperl+Fuchs, NBN4-12GM40-Z0 (Horizontal movement sensors)

Tilt sensor: Penny+Giles STT280/60/P2 (Datasheet: STT 280/60/P2. ) (Vertical movement sensor)

Horizontal motor controller (G103V)

Horizontal stepping motor: MAE HY200 3424 170 ( 1,7A - 2 Ohm with windings in series, 2.38A - 1 Ohm, with windings in parallel) or MAE HY200 3424 470 ( 4.7A - 1 Ohm with windings in series). Maximum voltage on these motors is 90 V.

Vertical stepping motor: Nanotech (SMC42)

Valve lookup tables (according to acoustic theory)

Power supply:

The power supply for the power amp determines maximum power. With the values shown, we have a maximum output voltage from the power amp of 17 Vrms. Our load -the membrane compressor- has 16 Ohm impedance and thus maximum deliverable power will be 17 W rms.

The 24V/150W power supply is an enclosed unit made by XP-Power, part nr. LCL 150PS24 with medical specifications. Farnell order nr.:1738313. Datasheet.

Wiring & circuit details midihub and motor-control board:

Circuit drawing:

PCB design for this circuit:

PCB:

Soldered board:

Firmware for the hub board:

Pulse-hold board for the valves and the lights:

PCB:

Populated board:

Firmware for this board: Bug_Valves.bas Hex dump for this board: Bug_Valves.hex

Compressor driver board (monophonic synth with acoustical modelling)::

Circuit drawing:

PCB for this circuit:

Soldered board: (Formant filter not yet mounted on this picture).

Firmware for this board: PIC24_Bug.bas (source code for Proton24 compiler) and hex dump: PIC24_Bug.hex

Wiring of the connector between moving upper part and lower part:

Flugelhorn: Selmer 'Vincent Bach' horn.

Mouthpiece: Bach Flugelhorn 3427C, adapted on the lathe to fit the membrane compressor.

The <Bug> robot has a special flightcase. Following pictures are made to clarify the way <Bug> should be placed in its flightcase:


References:

Beauchamp, J.W. "Analysis and Synthesis of Cornet Tones Using Nonlinear Interharmonic Relationships". In: j-aes, volume 23, number 10, pages 778--795, 1975.

Beauchamp, J.W., "Analysis of Simultaneous Mouthpiece and Output Waveforms of Wind Instruments" . In: j-aes, 1980, Preprint No. 1626,

Benade, Arthur .H., "Fundamentals of Musical Acoustics". Ed.: Oxford University Press, 1976.

Fletcher, N.H. & Tarnopolsky, A. "Blowing pressure power and spectrum in trumpet playing" In: J. Acoust. Soc. Am., volume 105, number 2, part 1, 1999.

Martin, Daniel W., "Lip vibrations in a Cornet Mouthpiece", In: J.Acoust.Soc.Am. vol13 . 1942

National Semiconductor, LM18298 Dual Full-Bridge Driver, datasheet. April 1992

Raes, Godfried-Willem, "Kursus Akoestiek", Ghent University College 1982/2014, Internet: http://www.logosfoundation.org/kursus/4023.html

Raes, Godfried-Willem, "Logos @ 50, het kloppend hart van de avant-gardemuziek in Vlaanderen", ed. Stichting Kunstboek, Oostkamp, 2018

Raes, Godfried-Willem, "Expression control in musical automates", 1977/2021,

Raes, Godfried-Willem, "Trumpeter", 2021

Rose,Nicholas and Holloway, Damien, "Finite element modeling of brass musical instruments', in: Proceedings of Acoustics, Fremantle, Australia 2012.

Smith, Bob H., "An Investigation of the Air Chamber of Horn Type Loudspeakers", in: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 25, 305-312 (1953); https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1907038


Cost calculation for <Bug>:

1. Parts and components

Flugelhorn Vincent Bach - Selmer - Bb
600.00
Stainless Steel 21 kg a 5.00/ kg
105.00
Solenoids 3 Emessem 24V (@100% DC)
126.00
Bulbs BA15 2 sockets
18.00
Bulbs 2 bulbs 24V
14.00
Tubular bulbs + holders 3 Festoon sockets and bulbs 24V
30.00
LED assembly Red 24V
18.00
M3 x 20 cilinder bolts and nuts 10
9.00
M3 x 35 cilinder bolts and nuts 10
10.00
M4 x 20 cilinder bolts and nuts 10
7.00
M4 x 16 hex bolts and nuts 8
6.00
M 4 x 35 hex bolt and nut 4
4.00
M5 x 10 cilinder bolts and nuts 2
1.00
M5 x 25 cilinder bolts and nuts 8
8.00
M4 x 10 hex bolts and nuts 8
5.00
M6 x 45 countersunk bolts and nuts 10
15.00
M6 x 16 hex bolts and nuts 5
4.00
M6 x 25 hex bolts and nuts 2
1.00
M6 x 120 hex both and nut 1
3.00
M8 x 25 cylinder bolts and nuts 4
8.00
M8 x 30 cylinder bolts and nuts 10
10.00
M8 x 40 cylinder bolts and nuts 10
11.00
M12 x 35 cylinder bolts and nuts 3
4.00
M12 High nut 1 (for mounting backwheel)
8.00
M12 x 120 hex bolt 1
7.00
M20 nylon rod and 2 nuts 1
23.00
M4 nylon threaded rod 1
22.00
35 mm nut 1 (for tightening with a 35-50 mm hook wrench)
27.00
Nylon bearings 25 mm 4
108.00
ball bearing pot 1
12.00
Stepping motor 240W MAE horizontal motor HY200 3424 470A8
260.00
Membrane Compressor 100W 1
210.00
Amplifier module 100W 1 (Velleman)
130.00
Helicoil threads M4 6
3.00
Polycarbonate 1 m2, 8 mm thick
78.00
Helicoil M4x6 thread repair set 1
45.00
Cyanoacrylate glue 1 (Loctite 401, 3g)
4.00
Blue Loctite silicon compound 1 tube
22.00
Nanotech SMC42-2,0-1 Motor controller vertical movement
197.00
Nanotech ST5709L1108-B Stepping motor vertical movement
126.00
G203V stepper controller Horizontal motor controller
285.00
Capacitors 10000uF/100V 2
126.00
Titanium alloy tubular clamp holder with adjustment for the vertical motor (tube size 25 mm)
65.00
12 mm hardened axle 250 mm
4.00
Bronze bearings 2 (12 x 18 x 25 mm)
12.00
Penny+Giles STT280/60/P2 angular sensor, vertical movement
270.00
Pepperl & Fuchs sensors 2 NBN4-12GM40-Z0, horizontal movement
138.00
Dented wheel Alu 2 Type: 72XL037
49.00
Dented wheel steel, flanged 1 Type 14XL037 - vertical movement
31.00
Dented wheel steel, flanged 1 Type 18XL037 - horizontal movement
30.00
Dented belt vertical movement Powergrip 250XL037
5.00
Dented belt horizontal movement Powergrip 220Xl037
6.00
Power supply 48V - 2.3A Traco
129.00
Power supply 24V - 6.4A medical XP-Power type LCL 150PS24
265.00
Power supply 2 x 27V - 50W Toroidal, bridge rectifier and 2 x 10mF caps
135.00
PCB Pulse-Hold 10 HV outputs, 30 Mosfet's, 10 Zener diodes, PIC 18F4620 processor, Weidmueller connectors
260.00
PCB Hub board 3 analog in, 8 outputs, midi-in, differential thru, TTL midi out PIC 18F2525, 5V power supply module, Weidmueller connectors
355.00
PCB Generator board 16 bit PIC 24EP128MC202, 3 op amps, 2 multipliers, Weidmueller connectors, 1% precision resistors, 4 inductors
435.00
Setting rings 12 mm 1, stainless steel
4.00
Setting rings 25 mm 3, stainless steel
24.00
Wheels with brakes 4 ZWR/ZW`EPO/GAT 12/80GL
96.00
IEC Mains power entry Schaffner FN-372 6 (230V - 6A)
7.00
Toggle switch power on/off 230V / 3A
5.00
Heatsink 100 x 80 heatsink for the horizontal motor controller
32.00
Parabond High Tack 800 mounting compound
9.00
Faston connectors, blue 35, power supply wiring
11.00
Wire 25 m, 0.75mm2, 1.5mm2
6.00
Tie straps, nylon 30
2.00
Waco connectors, snap in 2 5-contacts
3.00
Elco clamps 2 30 mm
2.00
Multi-Connector mating parts (M-F), 30 poles with 6A knife contacts
38.00
Wiring 30 m of mounting wire in coded colors
18.00
Heatshrink tube Polyolefine 1 m
6.00
Brass movement blocker 25 mm clamp with bolts
14.00
M6 rubber movement stopper for horizontal movement limiting
3.00
Loctite red lacquer for securing valve M4 nuts
1.00
Felt for mounting and dampening
2.00
Blade spring and 1/2" threaded holder for limiting vertical movement
5.00
Coated multiplex wood for flightcase
76.00
Steel L-profiles for flightcase 4 kg
8.00
Handgrips 4, for flightcase
20.00
Hinges for flightcase 3
18.00
Loctite fastening Loctite 243 50ml
45.00
M6 x 20 bolts and nuts galvanised, for flightcase
22.00
Woodscrews for flightcase
1.00
Transparent silicon glue for flightcase
8.00
Red felt for flightcase
2.00
M12 high nuts 2, for flightcase, stainless steel
12.00
M12 x 40 2, for flightcase, stainless steel, with washers
7.00
Wood blocks for flightcase
2.00
Weatherstrip 2 mm thick, 3 meter
3.00
M5 x 16 bolts and nuts 16 countersunk with 25mm washers, flightcase, handles
8.00
Foam padding for flightcase
5.00
     
Subtotal:  
5409.00

2. Consumables

Cobalt 3mm drill bits 10
35.00
Cobalt 4mm drill bits 3
12.00
Cobalt 5mm drill bits 2
8.00
Cobalt 8mm drill bits 1
9.00
TIG welding materials Argon gas and Tungsten electrodes
50.00
Cutting disks 12 (A60 T-BF41 125 x 1.0 x 22.2
40.00
Sanding disks and paper  
18.00
Grinding disk 1
5.00
TIG welding nozzle, nr.5 1
12.00
Cutting oil 1
1.00
Solder Pb/Sn 40/60 5 m
5.00
Stainless Steel welding electrodes 10 3.2 mm
22.00
Aceton 0.5 l
4.00
PIC 24 testboard prototyping board
127.00
Etching baths Fe2Cl3 1 liter
5.00
Methanol 0.25 l
2.00
     
Subtotal:  
355.00

3. Depreciations on tools and equipment used (calculated over 2 months)

Tool Value Depreciation percentage / month  
Tektronix TDS2024C 3500 2.77%
194.00
Tektronix Function Generator 3000 2.77%
166.00
TIG welding equipment 2000 2.77%
110.00
Contimex Lathe 2500 2.77%
139.00
Cobalt saw 2800 2.77%
155.00
Soldering equipment 1000 2.77%
55.00
Plasma Cutter Genesis 1200 2.77%
66.00
Proton+ Laptop & ICD 1800 2.77%
50.00
Lab power supply 380 2.77%
10.00
Odin column drill 6000 0.92%
55.00
Welding table 2500 0.92%
23.00
Subtotal:    
1023.00

4. Labor and design (45,-/hour)

16.11.2016 4 h
180.00
17.11.2016 8 h
360.00
18.11.2016 8 h
360.00
19.11.2016 12 h
540.00
20.11.2016 7 h
315.00
21.11.2016 10 h
450.00
22.11.2016 8 h
360.00
23.11.2016 10 h
450.00
24.11.2016 8 h
360.00
25.11.2016 8 h
360.00
26.11.2016 6 h
270.00
27.11.2016 5 h
225.00
28.11.2016 10 h
450.00
29.11.2016 10 h
450.00
30.11.2016 7 h
315.00
01.12.2016 3 h
135.00
03.12.2016 9 h
405.00
04.12.2016 7 h
315.00
05.12.2016 10 h
450.00
06.12.2016 8 h
360.00
07.12.2016 10 h
450.00
09.12.2016 7 h
315.00
10.12.2016 9 h
405.00
11.12.2016 10h
450.00
12.12.2016 3 h
135.00
13.12.2016 2 h
90.00
14.12.2016 5 h
225.00
15.12.2016 8 h
360.00
16.12.2016 6 h
270.00
17.12.2016 8 h
360.00
18.12.2016 10 h
450.00
19.12.2016 8 h
360.00
20.12.2016 7 h
315.00
21.12.2016 7 h
315.00
22.12.2016 1 h
45.00
23.12.2016 3 h
135.00
24.12.2016 1 h
45.00
25.12.2016 8 h
360.00
26.12.2016 6 h
270.00
27.12.2016 8 h
360.00
28.12.2016 8 h
360.00
29.12.2016 7 h
315.00
30.12.2016 6 h
270.00
31.12.2016 1 h
45.00
01.01.2017 2 h
90.00
02.01.2017 2 h
90.00
04.01.2017 7 h
315.00
05.01.2017 5 h
225.00
06.01.2017 8 h
360.00
07.01.2017 6 h
270.00
08.01.2017 5 h
225.00
09.01.2017 2 h
90.00
     
Subtotal:  
15480.00

07-09.12.2020: 3 days of work on firmware upgrade.

[EOF]