Performance practice of musical compositions, performances and installations until 1985.

- Study of the underlying hardware in use in that time
        - early electric instruments and devices
        - mechanical devices, instruments and automatons
	- analog vacuum tube base circuitry
	- early computing
	- analog discrete transistor based circuitry
        - professional analog tape recording technology
	- analog circuitry using chips and integrated circuits
        - early software and digital circuitry based equipment
        - aesthetic consequences
	- reconstruction or renovation
	- preservation or improvement

- Case studies:
	- Dick Raaijmakers
	- Jozef Anton Riedl
	- Hans Otte
	- Mauricio Kagel
	- Alvin Lucier
	- Takehisa Kosugi
	- John Cage
	- Gordon Mumma
	- David Behrman
	- Michel Waisvisz
	- Hugh Davies
        - Robert Ashley
	- Alvin Curran